mapmaking patterns

A map with a lot of different kinds of features that are difficult to represent iconically or through convention will need to define the symbols so that the reader can learn the symbol system. Legends can be cumbersome for readers, however, because they split the readers attention and carry a higher cognitive load.

For nominal features or descriptive qualities, put labels directly on the map at the location of that feature or with that quality. Be judicious, but when a feature or quality is important, then tell the reader directly. For example, if the purpose of your map is to help boaters navigate a coast, then label the places on the coast that are rocky or shallow.