1. Biotechnology: when scientists use living organisms or part of living organisms in modified forms for altered purposes. “The term itself is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky” (Wikipedia). “In the late 20th and early 21st century, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics,recombinant gene technologies, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests” (Wikipedia). Biotechnology also writes on the pure biological sciences: genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology (Wikipedia). There are over “250 biotechnology health care products and vaccines available to patients, many for previously untreatable diseases” (bio.org).

2. Nanotechnology: the process in which scientists manipulate matter on a molecular level. This technology is much less widely known because it is a more abstract concept, and therefore in the news less often than some of the other technologies used in this philosophy. “This technical approach to biology allows scientists to imagine and create systems that can be used for biological research” (Wikipedia). “Recently, the use of microorganisms to synthesize functional nanoparticles has been of great interest” (Wikipedia).

3. Cognitive Science: how information is processed in different ways including perception, language, and emotion. It is apparent that scientists hope this research will lead to the elimination of mental diseases, as well as a faster processing speed.