Grading Information

Any number with a minus sign next to it indicates the points that have been deducted. (I often put the total points deducted on a given page in a square in the corner.)

However, if you see one of the following numbers without a minus sign in a circle, then it means the following:

1. The argument is not in standard form.
2. The argument is not valid.
3. You could reconstruct this statement to be more plausible, i.e., charitable to the author.
4. The reconstruction could be more faithful to the original text. This includes cases in which you treat an intermediate conclusion as a premise.
5. This statement could be simplified/rephrased.
6. This could be put into a common argument pattern.
7. For the criticism: the conclusion does not directly contradict a premise from one of the previous two arguments. (3 point penalty)

With the exception of 7, each instance of these was a one-point penalty.

I deducted five points for incorrect semiformal proofs.

I deducted three points for each passage that was not quoted.