My Summer at EDF: Diving into the Mesopelagic Zone

This summer, I had the opportunity to work at the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) as the Blue Carbon Intern, joining the Ocean Science team under the direction of Kristin Kleisner, Mattias Cape, and Joyce Yager. My main project involved contributing to a threats assessment of the mesopelagic zone—a collaborative effort between EDF and the Ocean Conservancy evaluating the urgency of threats from climate change and future fishing activities.

When I began, I knew next to nothing about the mesopelagic zone, also called the ocean twilight zone. It’s a vast, deep layer of the ocean that plays a critical role in carbon transport and climate regulation, yet because of its depth, its existence and importance are largely out of sight and out of mind. I started my summer in “sponge mode,” soaking up everything I could about the mesopelagic zone – reading scientific papers, attending webinars, listening to podcasts, and having in-depth conversations with my supervisors. The more I learned, the more I realized how ecologically vital yet undervalued this part of the ocean is.

Mesopelagic or “twilight zone” exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. 

Once I built a strong foundation, my focus shifted to reduction fisheries – fisheries that catch small pelagic fish (like anchovy and mackerel) to make fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO), an ingredient used in aquaculture, livestock feed, nutraceuticals and even pet food. These fisheries are under growing climate pressure, and as stocks decline, there’s increasing interest in targeting the mesopelagic zone as a “new frontier” of fish to feed FMFO demand. For the threats assessment I researched four key reduction fishery species – Peruvian anchovy, Japanese anchovy, Blue whiting, and Chub mackerel – developing species profiles that synthesized how climate change is impacting their abundance, distribution, and population dynamics. Unfortunately, throughout my summer the picture became increasingly clear: these species will face major shifts with climate change, making mesopelagic exploitation an even more pressing issue.

I loved getting to live in and explore SF this summer! 

Beyond the threats assessment, I also had the chance to branch out into other exciting projects. I co-wrote a proposal for a side event at the upcoming IUCN World Conservation Congress (WCC) in Abu Dhabi, working with Marine Conservation Institute and MIIS alum Elle Bent—an absolute highlight of the summer! Our proposal was accepted, and I will continue supporting its development into the fall. I also wrote an op-ed on the importance of mesopelagic protection and am helping organize a mesopelagic workshop at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) this November, which will bring together scientists and policy experts to identify knowledge gaps and chart pathways for mesopelagic conservation.

Some of the SF interns after receiving our EDF swag! And a snapshot of my remote work reality during a trip back to Vermont. 

Looking back, this internship broadened my horizons in unexpected ways. It introduced me to a fascinating new ocean climate solution — one focused on safeguarding ocean processes that naturally regulate climate, rather than engineering the ocean to enhance that role (as mCDR approaches aim to do). ​​This approach resonates deeply with my values, and I feel grateful to have worked in this space and excited to continue exploring how we can help the ocean help us. This experience also gave me a window into the realities of marine conservation work, and the kind organization and team I hope to join in the future. Most of all, it strengthened my sense of purpose in working at the science–policy interface, where I can help translate knowledge into action to advance ocean conservation and equitable ocean-based climate solutions.


Reflection Questions

What did you accomplish with your host organization? What was the impact of your work?

I contributed to EDF’s emerging mesopelagic conservation portfolio by developing reduction fishery species profiles for their threats assessment, producing an op-ed, helping secure a session at the WCC, and supporting the planning of a global mesopelagic workshop at WHOI. Together, these efforts strengthen the foundation for future mesopelagic conservation strategies and coalition-building, positioning EDF and its partners to shape this work at a critical and opportune moment—just as the High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) enters into force (which happens today!).

Describe the benefits of this experience for you professionally and personally.
This experience was invaluable both professionally and personally. I gained exposure to a new area of ocean-based climate solutions and deepened my interest in translating science into action, a space I feel increasingly drawn to. I discovered an organization whose values and approach I deeply admire, while also learning about the realities of ocean policy and marine science work. Through EDF’s internship program, I connected with inspiring colleagues and explored diverse projects across the organization, building insights that will shape my career at the intersection of marine science, policy, and climate action for years to come.

Did your experience provide any unexpected discovery, self-reflection, or epiphany?
From this internship, I learned how much I enjoy working as part of a team. EDF’s Ocean Science group felt like a close-knit family, and I loved collaborating both within the team and across the broader Oceans & Fisheries program. Their highly collaborative work showed me how much stronger projects become when people with diverse expertise and backgrounds contribute, and it gave me a chance to see the unique strengths each colleague brought to the table. Importantly, it also helped me recognize that, even early in my career, I bring valuable skills and perspectives of my own. That realization boosted my confidence and reinforced my commitment to pursuing a career in the collaborative, science-driven ocean conservation and climate solutions space. 

Miles (another CBE Summer Fellow) & I on our last day! Thank you EDF!

Elena Gavigan: Vessel Strike Prevention and Marine Plastic Pollution Research at IMMP

What did you accomplish with your host organization? What was the impact of your work?

Throughout my time at the International Marine Mammal Project (IMMP), I worked on two separate projects: vessel strike prevention of the North Atlantic right whale (NARW) and researching cases of marine plastic pollution ingestion of marine mammals in California.

IMMP found interest in developing a campaign to protect the critically endangered NARW from further loss, specifically from vessel strikes in Maine and off the U.S. East Coast. The team was intrigued by potential partnership opportunities with Whale Safe -a program of the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory at UC Santa Barbara-, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, both of which work towards preventing vessel strikes in the U.S. In order to identify which actors were most suitable partners and how IMMP could become involved, I was tasked with developing a full analysis of the Whale Safe program and presenting my findings. This task allowed both myself and the organization to better understand the problem at hand, who is working towards a solution, the technology behind the Whale Safe program, and to create recommendations on how to move forward. Ultimately, we decided that a consumer-driven campaign against the shipping companies that are non-compliant with the vessel speed reductions was the best move.

I also had the opportunity to attend the first Enhancing Collaboration to Prevent Vessel Strikes in California workshop hosted by The Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito. This workshop brought together marine scientists, data analysts, shipping representatives, tech innovators, and policymakers from around the U.S. to develop a solution to the increasing number of vessel strikes in California and around the world. Following the workshop, I wrote a blog post detailing the new technologies, data findings, and potential opportunities that were discussed among the group. You can read the blog post here.

IMMP was also very interested to discover cases of plastic ingestion in marine mammals to support a lawsuit against major plastic companies in California. I began this project by creating a master list of all the stranding centers throughout the U.S. and contacting the California centers requesting data on marine plastic ingestion. Surprisingly, most stranding centers didn’t have data on plastic ingestion in marine mammals (very fortunate for the animals but unfortunate for my research). This doesn’t mean that there aren’t marine mammals ingesting plastic-it simply means that there hasn’t been much ingestion discovered in the necropsies of stranded marine mammals. There are many cases, however, in which microplastics have been found in marine mammal necropsies-still proving that marine mammals are being negatively impacted by plastic pollution.

Describe the benefits of this experience for you professionally and personally?

Professionally, I found both projects were exceptionally beneficial to my knowledge of marine mammal conservation. Doing a deep dive into the Whale Safe program allowed me to really understand the technology utilized in whale detection which I was fairly unaware of prior to this work. It was also incredibly helpful and interesting to learn all about the new software utilizing AI to detect whales, as it is becoming a major source of data collection. While I wasn’t able to find any specific cases that documented marine plastic ingestion in marine mammals (in California), this task was very beneficial to me as it greatly improved my knowledge on stranding networks and the response process, necropsy data and collection, and how plastic pollution impacts marine life.

Personally, working with IMMP was really full-circle for me. IMMP was one of the organizations that created the movie, The Cove, which is the reason I decided to go into marine conservation in the first place. Being able to work for an organization that does such great work against captivity and atrocities like the Taiji Dolphin Drive was incredibly fulfilling and I just felt honored to be a part of it.

Did your experience provide any unexpected discovery, self-reflection, or epiphany?

My experience definitely provided an unexpected interest in law. Getting to work on the plastic pollution case and trying to find ingestion examples to use against these enormous plastic companies made my work feel very real and important. I was really lucky to have a supervisor that was interested in my professional development outside of my projects. He set up meetings with the lawyers at Earth Island Institute so I can get a more in-depth understanding of what they do and ask advice, which I really appreciated. Next stop might be law school (wish me luck)!

Nate Buchanan: Flood Resilience and Climate Adaptation Planning at OneShoreline

Fellowship with: San Mateo County Flood & Sea Level Rise Resiliency District (OneShoreline)
Location: San Mateo, CA
Dates: May 27th – August 15th, 2025

What did you accomplish with your host organization? What was the impact of your work?

My time at OneShoreline was certainly a productive one! From orientation until my last day, it was clear that at a small government agency, being ready to switch gears is a critical skill. I was given a bit of everything: analyzing planning documents, putting together and giving presentations, heading out on site visits to mudflats and creeks, assisting making maps in ArcGIS, representing OneShoreline at events around the Bay, and even hanging picture frames in the office. As I moved between subjects and projects throughout the summer, I learned the importance of flexibility and being able to switch between multiple projects when working at small agencies where you need to be able to “do it all”.

During the summer, I assisted the team on several priority projects. These include the Millbrae Burlingame Shoreline Resilience Project –which seeks to create a multi-benefit coastal flood protection system along three miles of San Mateo County Shoreline south of SFO– and the San Bruno Flood Zone, where OneShoreline has been exploring the implementation of microgrants for flood protection at the individual household level, as well as an infrastructure project to improve flood conditions. For both of these projects, I engaged in substantive policy research on topics ranging from leveraging zoning ordinances to promote flood resiliency, the expansion of nature-based flood solutions, climate adaptation pathways, and the relationships between state, regional, and local policy and regulatory networks that make these projects a reality. I converted complex research findings into succinct internal memos which helped build OneShoreline capacity as well as my own knowledge. 

Finally, a project I am particularly proud of is the creation of a flood resilience database for localities in San Mateo. The database outlines the alignment of local General Plans, Specific Plans, Stormwater Management Plants, Watershed Plans, Emergency Operations Plans, and Climate Action Plans (among others) with OneShoreline’s Policy Planning Guidance on climate change flood planning. This hands-on policy analysis experience helps the agency track flood policy progress, identify areas of strength and areas for growth, and fulfill the agency’s mission to provide cross-jurisdictional flood planning for sea level rise in San Mateo County.

Walking the San Francisco Bay shoreline during an oyster reef restoration pilot study installation, Brisbane, CA

Describe the benefits of this experience for you professionally and personally. Did your experience provide any unexpected discovery, self-reflection, or epiphany?

My time at OneShoreline was well balanced between moments of self-growth and moments that built my sense of self-agency. In terms of agency, this fellowship helped grow my sense of empowerment in the professional sphere. I realized that if you have an idea or want to pursue a subject or career path, the key is simply to speak up, commit, and put in the effort. That’s something I’m still learning to fully embrace, but this experience gave me a clearer sense of confidence in doing so.

In terms of growth, I quickly had to get up to speed on the dozens of acronyms used by flood planners on a daily basis (our “alphabet soup”), the project design process, and the surprising influence of private consultants on local public projects. I learned so much about the players and their importance in the development of a flood resilience project. However, the discovery-so-big-I-would-call-it-an-epiphany was clarifying my interests and strengths in the flood-planning field. There are many specific entry points in flood policy planning. At OneShoreline, I found myself drawn to the nitty-gritty policy analysis and development of plans for local areas that substantially consider rising seas and climate change-induced floods. I also found myself interested in the projects that combine habitat restoration and flood resilience. These projects can unite restoration and infrastructure funding for a better chance at making it to the implementation stage. In short, my time at OneShoreline helped me refine my interests and desired career path in the field. 

Hardened shoreline and Bay Trail at the Millbrae-Burlingame project site visit, Burlingame, CA

What aspects of your summer experience revealed opportunities for growth or areas you hope to strengthen moving forward?

After self-reflection, one area of growth I identified was the disconnect between my professional voice and personal voice. I started the summer hoping to learn to navigate office culture, but throughout I had trouble deciding when to be casual and when to be more formal. The dynamic shifted greatly between different colleagues, which gave me whiplash and in the end, I did not unlock a professional voice that felt authentic to me. However, my fellowship raised this to my attention and I will keep workshopping it as my career continues. What I do know is that I want to work in an environment where I second-guess my words less, and where blending the personal and professional feels more natural than it did this summer.

Finally, my time at OneShoreline reinforced my interest in the flood planning field and affirmed my motivation to continue building the skills needed to contribute to this work. I was most engaged when analyzing flood policies and determining how they can be designed to advance climate resilience in ways that both balance community growth with climate realities and rectify systemic inequities along the coast. I see real potential in how thoughtful planning can leverage funding streams and the urgency of climate threats to create more just and durable outcomes for coastal California. Moving forward, I hope to strengthen my ability to navigate this complex system confidently and make myself an integral member of a team doing this work.

OneShoreline hat and work vest before a site visit, OneShoreline HQ, San Mateo, CA

Thomas Richards: Research, Education, and Outreach at Elkhorn Slough

The beginning of my summer fellowship was essentially a crash course in marsh ecology. I came into this fellowship with a limited knowledge of how marsh and wetland ecosystems functioned, but by week three of my onboarding, I felt like an estuary expert. I needed to learn about how marshes work because for the first two months of my internship, I was very involved with Elkhorn Slough’s Education mission. Diverse groups of people of all ages and backgrounds came to the Slough to learn about the amazing things happening there and I had to be ready to teach them about it. These groups included elementary school students, members of local tribes, college students, and public-school teachers. My roles in these activities varied depending on the needs of the staff. At times, I led groups in activities, other times I supported behind the scenes, and at others I stayed with individuals who needed more help. Through this work, I got to see all the ecosystems of the Elkhorn Slough Reserve, from woodlands dominated by tall oaks down to small tidal creeks with microscopic plankton. As part of the Reserve’s federal mandate, I participated in a teacher workshop attended by public and private school teachers from all over the Central California region. The goal of “Teachers on the Estuary” was to train teachers in the skills they would need to bring students on field trips and teach science to their students. The teachers got to see microscopic invertebrates under the microscope, perform species richness and diversity counts on plants, learn how to trap and identify crabs and fish, measure water quality, estimate carbon sequestration in plant material, and lead a hike through grasslands. I supported the Reserve Staff as they led many of these same activities for the Ahma-Mutsen Land Trust’s Native Stewardship Corps. These young adults came to learn about the land and foster a deep connection through science, stewardship, and education.

In addition to these responsibilities with the education staff, I also had the amazing opportunity to participate in research projects occurring over the summer. Many graduate students from local and international universities came to Elkhorn Slough to study fish, crabs, saltmarsh plants, blue carbon sequestration, and other fascinating topics. My favorite experience was donning my wetsuit, hopping in the chilly water, and, with a partner, battling mud up to our thighs to drag a seine through tidal creeks and channels. This herculean effort assessed how well fish populations rebounded in marshland that had been restored. We were all extremely happy to see that in areas that had undergone massive restoration efforts over the past years, fish (and other species) were making a strong comeback. The preliminary results of this research gave us hope that future restoration projects will likely also provide rich habitat for important species.

The last month of my fellowship has been focused almost entirely on creating a community engagement plan. The Elkhorn Slough Reserve is planning to reconstruct a large area of marsh in the northeastern portion of the reserve. This project’s goal is to improve the area’s water quality, restore habitat for many species, and increase public safety. This last point is a unique and vital aspect of the project. The marsh in question is located along a stretch of county road that is periodically flooded. This flooding occurs because the road is below sea level in some parts and is protected by levees. To add another layer of complexity to the project, a railroad runs through the marsh, carrying passengers and cargo. Both the road and the railroad are at risk of flooding at high tides, a risk that is only increasing as sea level rises. The final element in the project’s equation is that the marsh is located near private residences whose owners are concerned about the impacts of a restoration project. To effectively communicate the benefits and risks of this project and get the local community involved, I have been tasked with creating a plan to contact residents and loop them into our decision-making process. This has involved planning an outreach strategy, determining key messages, identifying existing communication channels, gathering values and input, and creating materials to present at in-person meetings. Some deliverables I created include facilitation plans for in-person meetings, an exploratory survey, power point presentations, and an outline of our engagement strategy. The Reserve staff will use these materials in an upcoming meeting with volunteers and community members. Going forward, they will use these again in further meetings with different stakeholders and community groups.

Reflection questions:

What did you accomplish with your host organization? What was the impact of your work?

I supported many efforts in education, research, and community outreach. During the mid-summer research push, I was one of a team of five people who were trained to collect and process specimens for analysis. This research will give the Reserve a better idea of how successful their restoration project has been (and will also be key to a master’s thesis and subsequent publications in scientific journals). I took a leading role in my organization’s push to involve their neighbors in the decision-making process that will impact their neighborhood. The survey I created for my organization has already been sent out and has gathered dozens of responses, providing invaluable information about what residents and neighbors care most about. I will deliver a talk at an upcoming meeting using the presentation I created. This same meeting will be conducted using the facilitation plan I created and will be attended by volunteers and community members who were invited using outreach materials I developed.

Describe the benefits of this experience for you professionally and personally?

I came into this fellowship wanting to expand my teaching experience. I am interested in a career in teaching, but my experience thus far has been exclusively in the classroom. I knew that Elkhorn Slough incorporated experiential, outdoor, and informal learning into their approach and I wanted to learn from this. Two months of intersecting with extremely diverse groups in extremely diverse situations has had a hugely positive impact on me. I now feel much more confident in my outdoor education skills.

Before coming to Elkhorn Slough, I was interested in community engagement but had little to no experience with it. Part of the reason I decided to study at the Middlebury Institute was because I felt we needed to connect the science world to the human world. Community engagement seemed like a great way to do so. This fellowship not only taught me how to do this but gave me the invaluable opportunity to put that knowledge into practice. I was blown away when my supervisor told me that I was not going to support their effort, but I was going to lead it. I really cannot say how important this has been to me. Gathering with working groups to wordsmith each word of my survey, deciding which framing would be most successful to communicate to the public, hammering out the logistics of a community meeting, all of these were crucial skills for me to develop and will be an immense help in my future. But that is not all I gained this summer. I also improved my communication skills, expanded my professional network, and connected with a beautiful place and the people that are working to protect and restore it.

Did your experience provide any unexpected discovery, self-reflection, or epiphany?

This experience confirmed and cemented my professional direction. While I loved getting my hands dirty (very literally) doing scientific research, the topics that really spoke to me were those where I was able to connect people and nature. These were education and community engagement. Coming out of this fellowship, I know that these are the fields that I want to pursue most seriously.

Sylvie Alexander

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
San Francisco, California, USA
June 16 to August 21, 2025

Oceana
Monterey, California, USA
February 15 to June 30, 2025

This summer Sylvie will be finishing one fellowship and beginning another, with some overlap.   For EDF, Sylvie is supporting a collaborative effort to advance mesopelagic zone conservation. Working with the EDF Ocean Science team and partners at Ocean Conservancy, she is contributing to a threats assessment that synthesizes climate change impacts to reduction fisheries to better understand mesopelagic fishing pressure moving forward. This work aims to inform and strengthen science-based conservation strategies for this little-known but ecologically vital part of the ocean.

For Oceana, Sylvie is working to assess the intersection of renewable energy development and ocean conservation in California. Through a landscape analysis of current and emerging renewable energy projects—such as offshore wind and utility scale solar and battery storage—she is identifying potential ocean ecological impacts and opportunities for advocacy. Her work will help shape Oceana’s strategic approach to ensuring ocean-friendly renewable energy solutions moving forward.

Nate Buchanan

OneShoreline
San Mateo, California, USA
May 26 to August 18, 2025

This summer, Nate is supporting climate resilience and community engagement efforts with the San Mateo County Flood and Sea Level Rise Resiliency District (also known as OneShoreline). He works on policy analysis and public engagement for the Millbrae and Burlingame Shoreline Resilience Project. His work includes assisting in communicating complex alternatives information to the general public, development of outreach materials, participation in community workshops, and using ArcGIS to convey the project context and preferred alternative.

He is also involved in developing grant proposals to fund multi-jurisdictional sea-level rise (SLR) adaptation plans for five cities on San Mateo County’s Bay side. He conducts research into the Bay Conservation and Development Commission’s (BCDC) Regional Shoreline Adaptation Plan and explores multi-jurisdictional sea level rise adaptation planning. Through his work, Nate helps advance regional collaboration on SLR adaptation, climate preparedness, and equity in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Sophie Doddimeade

The Wahine Project
Monterey, California USA
June 9 to August 31, 2025

This summer, Sophie will be supporting The Wahine Project by enhancing their youth educational programming centered on environmental awareness, ocean stewardship, and social empowerment. Her project will focus on designing, planning, and implementing an engaging, age-appropriate curriculum for the organization’s “Trash Tuesdays” and “Women Wednesdays” initiatives—interactive weekly sessions that explore sustainability, ocean conservation, social justice, and the importance of community action. Her work this summer hopes to institutionalize a structure for educational/learning materials, creating an online accessible archive for future beach educators to use. In addition to supporting existing programming, Sophie will contribute to the development of new educational content that addresses critical topics such as climate change, marine ecosystems, and inclusivity in outdoor (particularly ocean/coastal) spaces. 

As The Wahine Project aims to inspire and empower children of all ages, backgrounds, and abilities to become thoughtful, informed environmental stewards and community leaders, this project entwines Sophie’s passion for social justice, environmental action, and community-building. Another facet of Sophie’s project is assisting research grant funding to expand The Wahine Project’s impact, exploring different ways to bridge children’s outdoor experiences, environmental education, and empowerment, and supporting other factors as required.