Judging from the excerpt you read from William Byrd’s secret diary, what do you think is most important to him in his day-to-day life? Why are those things important? How would you describe his general outlook and tone in the diary? Do you think his diary entries are consistent with the description of his life that he offers in his letter to Charles Boyle, Earl of Orrery? Why or why not?

What role do material goods play in Samuel Sewall’s courtship of Katherine Winthrop (the widow of a descendant of John Winthrop)? To what extent do Sewall and Winthrop have a shared consumer vocabulary, a shared sense of self defined in part by goods? Are there ways in which their understandings of consumer goods separate them?

OR

How do the consumer goods in Copley’s portraits define the people in them? Explain how Copley intends to portray one or two of his sitters and the ways that particular material goods around them enable that portrayal.

How does Jonathan Edwards think people can know when they have been converted to God? What are the language and images through which Edwards conveys the experience of conversion? What is Edwards trying to explain to Benjamin Colman about “the extraordinary circumstances …with respect to religion” unfolding in his town and how does he do it?

Looking at the transcripts of the witch trial examinations, it might be fair to say they have somewhat predictable narrative arcs, a ritual pattern of unfolding. How would you describe that pattern? What are the variations of it? How would one break with it? Since Cotton Mather was neither stupid or ignorant, do these examinations, taken together with Wonders of the Invisible World, help to explain why he believed in witches?

1) What is the condition of Mary Rowlandson’s life and spirit before her captivity? How do you know? What are the conventions, language and images through which she communicates her state? After reading the last few pages of the narrative, how would you say Rowlandson has been transformed by captivity?

What are the similarities among these grave stones? How would you describe the conventions of mortuary art in New England, 1650-1700? What might the grave stones tell us about the colonists’ understanding of death? Are they afraid? Looking forward to an afterlife?

What does John Kouwenhoven think we can learn from studying “things” instead of “words”? Do you think his argument makes sense? Looking at the portraits and objects from Puritan New England, would you say that Puritan populations were attached to worldly goods or dismissive of them? Why?

What are the literal and figurative threats to Winthrop’s community as expressed in “A Model of Christian Charity”? In what ways are they like and unlike those noted by Bradford? What sorts of language and images does Winthrop use in his journal to illustrate these threats?

How would you compare Bradford’s first sighting of the continent with other first sightings we have seen, e.g. Columbus, Vespucci. What do the differences between them suggest about the viewers and their purposes in the Americas? In the absence of cannibals and amazons, what are the primary symbolic and literal threats to Bradford’s colony and how do they change over time?

How does Harriot’s account of the Virginia natives differ from those of the Spanish we have read? What do these differences suggest about Harriot’s imagined terms of settlement in Virginia?
OR
Think about the differences between Smith’s and Harriot’s accounts of settlement in Virginia? What are the differences in the way they describe the region and its inhabitants? What do those differences tell us about the two explorers and writers?