Looking at the Adirondacks from a distance, it’s easy to see how the region’s cliffs and peaks are magnetic to climbers. Yet from a distance, it’s impossible to see the tiny pieces of technology needed to make climbing possible. Most notably, certain types of climbing require the installation of permanent bolts into the rock. During the twentieth century, rock climbing’s popularity skyrocketed, and with it came a new host of hurdles for conservationists. Such controversies still exist. Adirondackers don’t consider climbing a predominant part of outdoor recreation and thus view it as an impediment to the environment. As a result, efforts for climbers to enjoy their sport safely are overlooked. If climbing was more valued and regulations over bolting were more nuanced, the sport could provide a new flux for tourism and culture in the Adirondacks.
Example of a bolt (Wikimedia Commons)
In the early days of rock climbing, climbers hammered pitons into the rock to minimize falling distance. Pitons are a relic of the past. Yet they remain on some Adirondack crags: a reminder of the subtly artificial form climbing can take. In sport climbing today, drilling metal bolts into the rock is a common practice to promote safety and efficiency, especially on routes with no natural anchors (like trees or boulders).
Although bolts are never more than a couple of inches in width, the issue surrounding them is nationwide. In protected areas like the Adirondacks, proponents of other types of climbing forcefully remove bolts. In protected areas across the country, climbing is a valuable pillar to outdoor recreational culture, and thus bolts are still legal. However, New York state law prohibits defacing or building on “any tree, flower, shrub, fern, fungi or other plant like organisms, moss or other plant, rock, soil, fossil or mineral or object of archaeological or paleontological interest found or growing on State land.” (Brown) Bolts fall under this domain.
It seems unfair to restrict a one-inch bolt under the same clause that prohibits hundred-foot buildings. Bolts are a necessity for some visitors’ enjoyment of the area and ensure safe recreation. As a sport, climbing is a low-impact activity, but because it contributes relatively little to Adirondack cultures and economies, its value is less than hiking, hunting, or skiing. Creating special regulations for bolts and other climbing infrastructure would increase accessibility, safety, and potential popularity. As one Adirondack climber said during a forum, “Climbing is a viable wilderness usage in Yosemite, and it should be considered viable in the Adirondacks.” (“DEC responds to climbers’ concerns over access”)
Works Cited
Brown, Phil. “Phil Brown on Climbing: To Bolt Or Not To Bolt.” Adirondack Almanack, 10 May 2010, https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2010/05/phil-brown-on-climbing-to-bolt-or-not-to-bolt.html. Accessed 14 November 2021.
“DEC responds to climbers’ concerns over access.” Adirondack Explorer, 10 July 2018, https://www.adirondackexplorer.org/outtakes/dec-rock-climbing-access-adirondacks. Accessed 14 November 2021.
Walking out to the Knoll on a brisk fall day, it’s impossible not to notice the aggressive winds that dominate the treeless landscape. As summer rushes away, winter floods in to fill the seasonal vacuum. It feels wrong for so much energy to race across the fields, unimpeded and unharnessed. In theory, New England’s valleys and mountains would be the ideal location for windmills.
Wind energy is the epitome of engineering’s potential to mitigate the effects of climate change. Vermont embraces nuanced solutions to climate change, so it seems fitting that wind energy would be an example. Contradicting supposed environmental values, the state has a moratorium on windmills for aesthetic reasons. The nearby Adirondacks, however, have none of the state restrictions prohibiting wind power, and all the same suit-abilities for wind power as Vermont. However, the aesthetic dilemma associated with 300-foot tall structures remains. To combat climate change, aesthetics can’t become a limiting factor. Places like New York and Vermont must fully embrace wind power as a weapon in the fight against climate change, despite its visual displeasure.
As a state, New York has a considerably greater need for renewable energy. In 2019, New York legislators passed a law promising zero energy emissions by 2040. The state’s population is significantly urban, which means renewable energy relies on its rural regions, like Adirondack Park. However, a 20-year-old Adirondack Park Association policy prohibits structures over 40 feet without special approval (wind turbines reach about 300 feet.) This means that the only wind farms in the area are outside the park’s boundaries.
Aside from bureaucratic obstacles, Park residents and environmental groups have presented many other worries about wind energy. Windmills would be most successful on mountain tops, which requires land to be cleared and results in views being obstructed. Doing so would decrease the tourism appeal of the area, hurting an already struggling economy. Further, wind farm employees would likely have to be brought in from outside the area, since residents aren’t trained in the field.
Jericho Mountain windmills outside of the Park, an example of how windmills can obstruct views. Image by Sirberlinnh
The arguments against windmills are valid concerns, especially considering the vulnerability of rural mountain economies. While it’s important to honor the views of locals, some of their claims are provably false. The arguments against implementing wind energy farms in Adirondack Park could have made sense 30 years ago. Recent studies on windmills across the US have shown that their presence doesn’t actually decrease property values. Today, the climate crisis has never been more urgent. It’s time to concede hopes of preserving romantic rural landscapes for the sake of our earth. By making use of pre-existing natural processes, places like the Adirondacks can be preserved long term.
A quick google search of “Adirondack great camps” yields dozens of articles describing compounds filled with taxidermy and exposed wood and stone (typical rustic decor.) Without fail, almost every article also mentions Japanese fans. Upon recognizing this consistent outlier, I went down a rabbit hole searching for the answer to why, in such a white, remote location, Japanese fans were such a staple. As it turns out, the answer connects back to many of the central issues of the Adirondacks: isolation, cultural conflict, and admiration of the outdoors.
Typical Japanese fan used in decor and fashion. Image from Wikimedia Commons
In 1853, Japan famously ended its period of social and economic isolationism, exposing Japanese markets and culture to the rest of the world. Almost immediately afterward, a “Japanese Craze” swept the Western world (Jenn M). Europeans began purchasing Japanese paintings, furniture, and clothing, and folding fans became a staple accessory for Victorian women of all social classes. The industrial revolution meant Japanese goods could be produced in mass quantity and purchased by the average consumer.
Examples of Anglo-Japanese style furniture and decor that was popularized during the Japan-craze. Image via Wikimedia Commons.
Americans weren’t exposed to Japanese culture until the 1876 Centennial Convention in Philadelphia (Ujifusa). Visitors to the event were exhausted by the dull predictability of Victorian-style exposés: a reminder of decades of bitterness from industrialization and the Civil War. The Japanese exhibit offered a refreshing shift East, which consumers devoured.
Cities filled with smog, disease, and immigrants were recipes for claustrophobia and the need to get away. Much like the Adirondacks, Japanese art offered a contrast to the chaos of American cities. Paintings and decorative fans depicted harmonious, minimal, and natural scenes, and had an artisanal feeling compared to Western commodities. American cultural homogeneity, coupled with wealth, fueled the Adirondack japanophilia that ensued. The reasons elite New Englanders obsessed over Japanese culture were the same as those that caused them to visit the Adirondacks. For those with summer homes, their perceptions of Japanese culture embodied everything they wanted from their Adirondack lives.
Tearoom in at Pine Point Adirondack camp, modeled after a Japanese temple. Image via Wikimedia Commons.
On its surface, love for another culture is harmless, if not admirable. Yet superficial obsession over other cultures is problematic, the reasons for which we, in the age of cancel culture, are familiar. The isolation of places like the Adirondacks allows its inhabitants to pursue whatever type of fantasy they want, from appropriation to homogeneity. While some fetishized Japanese culture, others used the Adirondacks as an escape from immigrant-filled cities, proceeding to exclude non-white visitors from their camps and country clubs. The example of Japanese decor is a prototype for the ways racial and economic privilege allows people to appreciate selective aspects of other cultures. Without embracing or understanding them fully.
Works Cited
“Chapter 21: Birth of the Great Camp, Chapter 22: Haute Rustic.” The Adirondacks: A History of America’s First Wilderness, by Paul Schneider, H. Holt and Co., 1998, pp. 241–276.
M, Jenn. “A Tale of Two Nations: Victorian America and the Japan Craze.” NMSC Archeology & Museum Blog, 18 Mar. 2014, nmscarcheologylab.wordpress.com/2014/03/18/a-tale-of-two-nations-victorian-america-and-the-japan-craze/.
Ujifusa, Steven. “Japan-a-Mania at the Centennial.” The PhillyHistory Blog, 10 May 2010, blog.phillyhistory.org/index.php/2010/05/japan-a-mania-at-the-centennial/.
As leaves fall and crisp temperatures seep into New England, it feels criminal to do anything other than spend hours in an Adirondack chair gazing at the Green, or (more fittingly) Adirondack mountains. Blue, green, and red Adirondack chairs dot Middlebury’s lawns and each one seems to have a magnetic power that makes resisting lounge impossible. The slightly greater than 90° angles of Adirondack chairs are superior in combating stress. Their aesthetic was undoubtedly made to be paired with mountainous lake views, and this assumption is hard to argue with. However, the inspiration for Adirondack chairs also has connections to their ability to cure.
200 years ago, smoggy, crowded, New York City was being ravaged by tuberculosis. At the same time, Americans began retreating to the outdoors to escape the speed and stress of city life. Marc Cook, an office worker in New York City, combined the two trends. Stricken by tuberculosis, Cook desperately took to the mountains to cure his illness. He survived and in 1881 wrote The Wilderness Cure, which established the concept of the outdoors as a place to heal.
The idea of a “wilderness cure” quickly reached back to New York City, eventually permeating into American outdoor culture. Soon, hundreds of New Yorkers sick with tuberculosis began journeying to the Adirondacks in search of their cures. In response, sanatoriums and “cure cottages” opened, establishing the city to mountain-sanatorium pipeline. To promote absorption of cold, dry, mountain air, sanatoriums provided reclining, low to the ground chairs with armrests to be used outdoors. Before long, “cure furniture” became an industry and companies began producing the “’Rondack Combination Couch and Chair” and “Adirondack Recliner” to tuberculosis patients and the public alike.
Meanwhile, South of Saranac Lake, Thomas Lee created a chair specifically designed for viewing Lake Champlain. Lee gave his design to local carpenter Harry Bunnell and recommended that Bunnell patent and sell the chairs. There’s no way to be sure, but it’s more than likely that popular “cure furniture” inspired Lee’s design. Slight adjustments and subsequent patents have followed Lee’s original chair, eventually leading to what we know today as the “Adirondack chair”.
In the 1950s, antibiotics and new treatments meant sanatoriums were no longer needed. Many of the original “cure chairs” now lie in landfills, and sanatoriums are now residential spaces and historical sites. Even though their origins may be partially lost, Adirondack chairs remain idolized throughout New England and the world.
Tomorrow is Indigenous People’s Day. Indigenous peoples’ issues have always fascinated me. Like many other moments in history, the narrative surrounding historical indigenous injustices is constantly shifting with the political climate. So much so that said history tends to be elusive in the places we inhabit. When our class visited The Knoll last Monday, director Megan Brakeley acknowledged the land’s history and explained the farm’s 2018 partnership with local Abenaki Chief Stevens. I feel lucky to be a part of a community that strives to represent Abenaki history and culture, but how much of it is performative for political correctness? In communities like the Adirondacks that aren’t surrounded by progressive academia, what, if any, story is told about Native Americans?
“Occupation” is a relative term. In our eurocentric society it means establishing permanent, year-round residence in a place. As a result, the story of Native American occupation of the Adirondacks is complicated and misconstrued. The Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Mahican, Oneida, and Tuscarora seasonal occupation of the Adirondacks is overshadowed by the permanent white residents that came later.
Combatting false narratives involves introducing conversations that reframe Native American roles in history. In Saranac Lake (named after the Saranac people), fourth grade classes visit the Six Nations council, and a public museum displays artifacts of Iroquois culture. Efforts are undoubtedly being made to acknowledge and represent. Nevertheless, the Saranac Lake school system’s Native American enrollment is at 0% and the Iroquois cultural center was established by three white people. It’s hard not to wonder if the education that does exist surrounding Native American culture is out of appropriation rather than respect.
Honoring Indigenous peoples is multifaceted, especially without their presence in our daily lives. Reparations must be an ongoing process of continual confrontation not a one-time plaque or museum visit. In places like the Adirondacks, it’s especially important to accommodate other meanings of inhabitancy. So tomorrow take a few moments to reflect and learn. Acknowledgement is an ongoing process and now is always a good time to start.
Works Cited
Merritt, Pamela. “Six Nations, First People.” Saranac Lake, Adirondacks, New York, 24 Aug. 2021, www.saranaclake.com/story/2018/12/six-nations-first-people.
“Saranac Lake Central School District – U.S. News Education.” US News, US News, Nov. 2018, www.usnews.com/education/k12/new-york/districts/saranac-lake-central-school-district-110343.
“Six Nations History.” Six Nations Iroquois Cultural Center, www.6nicc.com/history.html.
Trapping and hunting have long been controversial issues within Adirondack Park. Some view mammals in the park as a natural resource to be commoditized, while others can’t bear the thought of harming precious moose, beaver, and mink populations. Animals fascinate humans in a way that fungi, plants, and bacteria never will; as a result, certain animals have become icons of conservation efforts in the Adirondacks and around the world. So much attention for one kingdom of life begs the question: are these iconic animals really as important as we think? Does putting certain species on pedestals do more harm than good? Does it draw attention away from threatened keystone species? The world may never know. What’s clear is that the animals we idolize in the Adirondacks are not the only ones in need of saving. Dozens of species are overlooked, including ones that contribute to our ecosystem and are in serious danger of extinction.
It is a common conception that these animals we love so much are constantly under threat of extinction. Each year, millions of people go to parks around the world to see said species and donate their money to protect them from overhunting and loss of habitat (and I can attest that my ten-year-old self was confident my $10 donation to the Tennessee Elephant Sanctuary was single-handedly saving the planet). But the cutest, largest, superlative animals aren’t always most in need of our help. In fact, in the Adirondacks, the idolized moose, beavers, minks, and black bears are all classified as species of “Least Concern”, meaning their populations aren’t under threat of extinction (IUCN). In fact, all of the aforementioned species’ populations are stable or even increasing worldwide. Yet below the charismatic elephants and moose of the world lie millions of less sympathetic beings: ones that tend to be overlooked by conservationists and donors.
Despite misconceptions about the impacts of hunting and trapping on mammal populations within the Park, the Adirondacks do face issues of extinction. Eastern Hemlocks are among the most common conifers in the park; as a keystone species, they play a crucial role ecologically and aesthetically. Yet, in the past several decades, woolly adelgid, an invasive insect, has made its way to southeastern forests. Woolly adelgids suck sap from hemlocks, killing the tree, and without a natural predator, woolly adelgid populations continue to grow. Consequently, the population of Eastern Hemlocks is decreasing rapidly, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has labelled it as “Near Threatened”. In July 2020, the first population of woolly adelgid was discovered in Adirondack Park, foreshadowing a dangerous fate for hemlocks (Gurney).
Woolly adelgid insects on a hemlock branch. (Image courtesy of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Archive via Wikimedia Commons)
The Adirondack Explorer lists 23 other of the park’s species as endangered, threatened, or near threatened, most of which likely aren’t identifiable by the average Adirondack visitor. Questions over the effects idolizing certain species remain unanswered. But it’s clear that in the Adirondacks, when certain animals are put on the pedestal of conservation, other, more important species are neglected by the public eye.
Gurney, Gabriella, and Name *. “Home.” Adirondack Research – Using Science to Inform Decisions, 26 Apr. 2021, adkres.org/field-report-hemlock-woolly-adelgid-spring-season/.
Pedler, Catherine. “Imagine the Adirondacks without Hemlocks: Adirondack Mountain Club.” Adirondack Mountain Club | Just Another WordPress Site, 26 Jan. 2021, www.adk.org/imagine-the-adirondacks-without-hemlocks/.
Reid, F., Schiaffini, M. & Schipper, J. 2016. Neovison vison. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41661A45214988. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41661A45214988.en. Downloaded on 01 October 2021.“What Species in the Adirondacks Are Endangered?” Adirondack Explorer, 11 Mar. 2021, www.adirondackexplorer.org/stories/endangered-species-adirondacks.
On Wednesday, several of my classmates and I went to a talk Bill Mckibben gave on the potential of science and engineering to protect against the effects of the climate crisis. McKibben mentioned the moratorium on wind turbines in Vermont, an attempt to preserve the state’s rural, picturesque image. As one of the most liberal states in the country, it’s shocking that Vermont would give up a potentially game-changing weapon in the fight against climate change. Compared to Vermont, upstate New York is considerably more conservative. However, New York’s need for sustainable energy sources is much greater than that of Vermont. Implementing wind-energy, especially in beautiful places, is a complex, multi-faceted issue. It’s more important to focus on the long-term goal of reducing climate change than more immediate, superficial interests.
In 2019, New York legislators passed a law promising carbonless energy by 2040. The state’s population is significantly urban, which means renewable energy relies on its rural regions, like Adirondack Park, for spacious wind and solar farms.
Unlike Vermont, New York state doesn’t have restrictions on wind power at the moment. However, a 20 year old Adirondack Park Association policy prohibits structures over 40 feet without special approval (wind turbines tend to reach about 300 feet.) This means that the only wind farms in the area are outside the park’s boundaries. Aside from bureaucratic obstacles, Park residents and environmental groups have presented numerous concerns in relation to wind energy. Windmills would be most successful on mountain tops, which would obstruct views and require land to be cleared. Doing so would decrease tourism appeal of the area, hurting an already struggling economy. Further, employees for a wind farm would likely have to be brought in from outside the area, since local residents aren’t trained in the field. As it is, wind power in the Adirondacks isn’t feasible.
Jericho Mountain windmills outside of the Park by Sirberlinnh
All this is not to say that there haven’t been renewable energy efforts within the Park. Like windmills, solar panels tend to take up large tracts of land and detract from the landscape. Luckily, they don’t have the same height as windmills, and as a result, multiple solar fields are in the works within the Park. New York has long been a leader in hydroelectric power, and there are dozens of successful plants to this day.
The arguments against implementing wind energy farms in Adirondack Park would have made sense 30 years ago. Today, the climate crisis has never been more urgent. It’s time to concede hopes of preserving romantic rural landscapes for the sake of our earth as a whole.
Adirondack Park is a place of great diversity in many senses: ecologically, recreationally, and ideologically (to name a few). Cleavages divide the Park’s residents and visitors by outdoor activity preference, socio-economic level, and stance on conservation. When it comes to race, however, the division is still there, but diversity lacks.
Most protected outdoor recreational areas in the U.S. tend to be used by predominantly white groups of visitors. In the Adirondacks, the number of white visitors and residents is especially pronounced, considering that New York is one of the most diverse states in the U.S. White residents of Adirondack Park make up about 92% of residents in most areas of the Park, compared to 63% nationally and 58% in the state of New York (Bauer). A 2017 survey of visitors in the Park by the Regional Office of Sustainable Tourism found that 95% identified as white (Levine). Despite overwhelming whiteness, the Park has seen a 30% increase in non-white residents since 2010 (Bauer). Increases in diversity coupled with a national confrontation with race issues has led to a reckoning within the Adirondack community.
Census data for Essex and Hamilton Counties compared to the U.S. and New York State demonstrates that Adirondack Park is much whiter than N.Y. state and the country (Bauer).
For centuries, people of color have been experiencing racism in the Adirondacks. In the 1890s, black workers were recruited from the deep South to work on a railroad through the Adirondacks. They were lied to about pay, weather, and labor conditions, ultimately facing practical slavery (Terrie). Aggressions continue today. Aaron Mair, former director of the Sierra Club, was doing a photoshoot for the magazine Adirondack Life, when a group of rafters yelled racial slurs at him. Mair feared the group would become violent, and worried he would need to defend himself and the (non-white) photographer (Silvarole). In 2020, the valedictorian of Saranac Lake High School delivered a speech about being called names like,“squinty eyes” in a town where the Asian population lies next to zero (Silvarole). For black recreationalists in the park, it isn’t uncommon to be met with an unusual level of curiosity about where they’re from — infamously, “No, where are you really from?” Microaggressions like these explain the low numbers of BIPOC visitors to the park, perpetuating a positive feedback loop of ignorance, racial isolation, and microaggressions.
Saranac Lake High School valedictorian Francine Newman’s speech on microaggressions she experiences in Saranac Lake as an Asian American (Gosling).
Nicole Hylton-Patterson moved from the Bronx to Saranac Lake as the first director of the Adirondack Diversity Initiative in December 2019. She’d been living in the Adirondacks for just six months when someone spray painted “Go back to Africa f*****g n****r” on her daily running route. Hylton-Patterson says she knew immediately that the message was directed at her (Silvarole). She moved away from Saranac Lake shortly after the incident, but has continued her work with the Adirondack Diversity Initiative (ADI). ADI was founded in 2014, and in 2019, New York allocated $250,000 of its budget to the initiative, allowing it to hire Hylton-Patterson as the first director (Kauer). Since then, the ADI has hosted workshops, symposiums, meetings, and trainings with local leaders and groups in efforts to minimize racial bias within the Park. In conjunction with the ADI, Adirondack Diversity Solutions (ADS), “a consulting firm dedicated to diversifying the workforce,” has consulted with local businesses on inclusive hiring practices and bias-minimizing strategies (Brown).
Nicole Hylton Patterson, first and current director of the Adirondack Diversity Initiative (“Nicole Hylton-Patterson, Director, Adirondack Diversity Initiative.”)
The ADI and ADS struggle to connect with the residents of the Park most in need of their services. It is hard for members of the community to confront their own racism when they rarely encounter people of color, and when living in ideological bubbles. Luckily, organizations saw a new wave of interest after the murder of George Floyd, which led to small protests and Zoom meetings in the area. For the first time, issues of race are being exposed to the Adirondack public and the park has the opportunity to change for the better.
Works Cited
Bauer, Peter. “Myths & REALITY 1: Census Data Show That ADIRONDACK Residents Are Older than Just about Everywhere Else and It’s the PARK’S FAULT.” Protect the Adirondacks!, 22 Apr. 2013, www.protectadks.org/1-census-data-show-that-adirondack-residents-are-older-than-just-about-everywhere-else-and-its-the-parks-fault/.
Bauer, Peter. “US Census: Saratoga, Hamilton and Warren Counties All Post 2020 Population Gains in First Release of New Data.” Protect the Adirondacks!, 17 Aug. 2021, www.protectadks.org/us-census-saratoga-hamilton-and-warren-counties-all-post-2020-population-gains-in-first-release-of-new-data/.
Christopher, Gosling. “2020 SLHS Graduation Valedictory Address.” YouTube, Good Guys Production, 9 July 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kkns61SmGDU.
Hill, Michael. “In White Adirondacks, Racism May Be Toughest Hill to Climb.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 14 Sept. 2020, apnews.com/article/new-york-lakes-new-york-city-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-50ba653f96e95d05a1ecdd53d817a3b2.
Levine, Justin. “Tourism Study: Adirondack VISITORS Overwhelming White, Upper Middle Class.” The Post Star, Adirondack Daily Enterprise, 14 Aug. 2018, poststar.com/outdoors/tourism-study-adirondack-visitors-overwhelming-white-upper-middle-class/article_950a41d5-c941-54a4-aa60-1091069c50d1.html.
Silvarole, Georgie. “Being Black in The Adirondacks: Why the Drive to Boost Diversity Is Complex, and Personal.” Being Black in the Adirondacks: Diversity Push Is Complex, and Personal, The Journal News, 18 Aug. 2020, www.lohud.com/in-depth/news/2020/08/18/adirondacks-tourism-black-people-of-color-nicky-hylton-patterson-saranac-lake/5544379002/.
Silvarole, Georgie. “Being Black in The Adirondacks: Why the Drive to Boost Diversity Is Complex, and Personal.” Being Black in the Adirondacks: Diversity Push Is Complex, and Personal, The Journal News, 18 Aug. 2020, www.lohud.com/in-depth/news/2020/08/18/adirondacks-tourism-black-people-of-color-nicky-hylton-patterson-saranac-lake/5544379002/.
Terrie, Philip. “Blacks in The Adirondacks: A History.” Adirondack Explorer, 1 Nov. 2017, www.adirondackexplorer.org/book_reviews/blacks-adirondacks-history.
“US Census Data-Hamilton County, NY.” Explore Census Data, 2020, data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=hamilton+county%2C+ny&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1.
“Yellowstone National Park Visitor Study.” Social Science Program National Park Service, University of Idaho Park Studies Unit, 2006, sesrc.wsu.edu/doc/178_YELL_rept.pdf.
“Yosemite National Park Visitor Study.” Social Science Program National Park Service, University of Idaho, 2009, www.nps.gov/yose/learn/nature/upload/Visitor-Use-Summer-2009-Study.pdf.
